Healthcare associated infections
February 2006
References
1. Department of Health (2003) Winning ways: working together to reduce healthcare associated infection in England. London: Department of Health.
2. National Audit Office (2004) Improving patient care by reducing the risk of hospital acquired infection: a progress report. London: The Stationery Office.
3. National Audit Office (2000) The management and control of hospital acquired infection in acute NHS trusts in England. London: The Stationery Office.
4. Plowman R, Graves N & Griffin M et al (2001) The rate and cost of hospital acquired infections occurring in patients admitted to selected specialties of a district general hospital in England and the national burden imposed. J Hosp Infect 47: 198-209.
5. NHS Quality Improvement Scotland (2004) Healthcare associated infection; infection control in NHSScotland. National progress report. Edinburgh: NHS Quality Improvement Scotland.
6. Department of Health (2005) MRSA surveillance system: results. London: Department of Health.
7. Office for National Statistics (2005) MRSA: deaths continue to rise in 2003. Available
here at www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=1067 (Accessed 10/08/05).
8. Health Protection Agency (2005) Voluntary reporting of Clostridium difficile, England, Wales, and Northern Ireland: 2004. London: Health Protection Agency.
9. Warny M, Pepin J & Fang A et al (2005) Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe. BMJ 366: 1079-84.
10. Health Protection Agency (2004) Laboratory reports of streptococcal bacteraemia: England, Wales and Northern Ireland, 2001-2003. London: Health Protection Agency.
11. Health Protection Agency (2004) Enterococcus spp bacteraemia: England, Wales and Northern Ireland: 2003. London: Health Protection Agency.
12. Health Protection Agency (2004) Acinetobacter bacteraemia, England, Wales and Northern Ireland:2003. London: Health Protection Agency.
13. Health Protection Agency (2004) Candidaemia reports, England, Wales and Northern Ireland: 2003. London: Health Protection Agency.
14. Health Protection Agency (2004) Norovirus outbreaks in England and Wales: 2003 and 2004. CDR Weekly 14, Number 47.
15. Health Protection Agency press release (2.03.05). Available
here at: www.hpa.org.uk/hpa/news/articles/press_releases/2005/050303_cmrsa.htm
16. Department of Health (2005) Action on health care associated infection in England. Consultation document. London: Department of Health.
17. Health Protection Agency (2004) Protocol for surveillance of surgical site infection. London: Health Protection Agency.
18. Nosocomial Infection National Surveillance Service (2002) Surveillance of surgical site infections in English hospitals 1997-2002. London: Health Protection Agency.
19. Hand Washing Liaison Group (1999) Hand washing. A modest measure - with big effects. BMJ 318: 686-687.
20. Healthcare Commission (2005) A snapshot of hospital cleanliness in England. Findings from the Healthcare Commission’s rapid inspection programme. London: Commission for Healthcare Audit and Inspection.
21. Pratt RJ, Pellowe C & Loveday HP et al (2001) The epic project: developing national evidence-based guidelines for preventing healthcare associated infections, phase 1: guidelines for preventing hospital-acquired infections. J Hosp Infect 47 (suppl): S1-82.
22. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2003) Infection control: prevention of healthcare-associated infection in primary and community care. London: NICE.
23. Teare L, Cookson B & Stone S (2001) Hand Hygiene. BMJ 323: 411-2.
24. Read more on the Health Protection Agency website
here - www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/clostridium_difficile/gen_info.htm (accessed 4/01/06)
25. Wilson P (2003) No-touch taps help cut infection. Health Estate 57: 46.
26. Zimakoff J, Kjelsberg AB & Larsen SO et al (1992) A multicenter questionnaire investigation of attitudes toward hand hygiene, assessed by the staff in fifteen hospitals in Denmark and Norway. Am J Infect Control 20: 58-64.
27. Boyce JM & Pittet D (2002) Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings: recommendations of the healthcare infection control practices advisory committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
28. National Patient Safety Agency ‘Cleanyourhands’ campaign. Available
here at www.npsa.nhs.uk/cleanyourhands/campaign (Accessed on 10/08/05).
29. Pittet D, Huggonet S & Harbath S et al (2000) Effectiveness of a hospital-wide programme to improve compliance with hand hygiene. Lancet 356: 1307-12.
30. www.saferneedlesnow.net
31. NHS Employers (2005) The management of health, safety and welfare issues for NHS staff. London: NHS Employers.
32. Garner JS (1996) The hospital infection control practices advisory committee: guidelines for isolation precautions in hospitals. Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology 17: 53-80.
33. Perry C, Marshall R & Jones E (2001) Bacterial contamination of uniforms. J Hosp Infect 48: 238-41.
34. Loh W, Ng V & Holton J (2000) Bacterial flora on the white coats of medical students. J Hosp Infect 45: 65-8.
35. Babb J, Davies J & Ayliffe G (1983) Contamination of protective clothing and nurses’ uniforms in an isolation ward. J Hosp Infect 4: 149-57.
36. Steinlechner C,Wilding G & Cumberland N (2002) Microbes on ties: do they correlate with wound infection? Ann R Coll Surg Eng (Suppl) 84: 307-9.
37. Wong D, Nye K & Hollis P (1991) Microbial flora on doctors’ white coats. BMJ 303: 1602-4.
38. Ransjo U & Hambraeus A (1979) An instrument for measuring bacterial penetration through fabrics used for barrier clothing. J Hyg (London) 82: 361-8.
39. Lloyd S M & Bowen L (2003) Clothes carry infection: what do patients think. Ann R Coll Surg Eng (Suppl) 85: 346-8.
40. Department of Health (2003) Getting ahead of the curve: a strategy for combating infectious diseases. London: Department of Health.
41. Department of Health (2000) UK antimicrobial resistance strategy and action plan. London: Department of Health.
42. Chief Medical Officer and Chief Pharmaceutical Officer (2003) Hospital pharmacy initiative for promoting prudent use of antibiotics in hospitals. London: Department of Health.
43. Standing Medical Advisory Committee Sub-Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (1998) The path of least resistance. London: Department of Health.
44. Department of Health, Hospital activity statistics available
here at www.performance.doh.gov.uk/hospitalactivity/index.htm (accessed 7/10/2005).
45. Davies S (2005) Hospital contract cleaning and infection control. London: UNISON.
46. Office of Science and Technology (2005) Infection control in healthcare settings. London: Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology.
47. Wyllie DH, Peto TEA & Crook D (2005) MRSA bacteraemia in patients on arrival in hospital: a cohort study in Oxfordshire 1997-2003. BMJ 331:992-5.
48. Department of Health (2004) Towards cleaner hospitals and lower rates of infection. A summary of action. London: Department of Health.